Articles & Researchs
29
period, was not considered as
unprecedented extent, and many
progressive UUS development in
part of Montreal Master plan.
problems arise in the development
denselybuildcities'areas,including
The argument was, it has to be
boom of underground space, such
excavation of large caverns in
considered as private properties
as lack of planning, unreasonable
shallow
subsurface
(Bobylev,
and managed by private means
layout, and disorderly utilization,
2007). It is also important to
andfinancesandnotwiththepublic
which in turn induces the waste
observe that, the highest densities
subsidies. Another example related
of underground space resources
of underground structures can be
to the development of private
and even serious economic and
found in city centers. Montreal and
housing depends upon transport
social consequences (Wang et
Toronto are good examples. The
infrastructure availability, and daily
al, 2013). Underground space is a
city center is a place where public
energy use in a city depends upon
valuable nonrenewable resource,
facilities are located, as well as the
the types of transport available.
and many openings created
main public transport transit areas.
Thus,
integrating
sustainable
in the underground will have
Like the concept of "ecosystem
development
and
urban
irreversible consequences. Thus,
services", UUS can be considered
infrastructure development is an
the development of underground
as a resource that provides
important task (Bobylev, 2009).
space
must
be
conducted
certain services. Understanding
These issues can be addressed
carefully.
the services that UUS provides is
within a city Master plan and with
Underground
space
utilization
necessary for allocating a value to
the interesting concept of New
started with caverns that were used
UUS.
Urban Engineering developed by
as dwellings and for food storage
Considering the value of UUS is
Y. Diab (2013). It is an integrated
by primitive man. A number of
an important part of the land
approach
of
infrastructure
underground dwellings have been
use planning process and for
management towards sustainable
thoroughly
studied,
including
addressing UUS use in a Master
cities by using the complexity
examples in China (Banpo site,
plan. Listing and considering
theory. Traditionally, a city Master
4000 B.C.), and Turkey (Byzantine
UUS services, especially those
plan is primarily concerned with
Cappadocia, 400 B.C.) (Erdem,
that might be very important for
land use allocation. It has to
2007). Underground passages for
future urban development and
consider spaces, utilities and even
emergencyevacuationandcovert
sustainability, can be helpful
networks.
Mainstreaming
movements were an inherent
during
planning
processes.
sustainability considerations into
part of many medieval cities. In
Often, UUS is not considered in
a Master plan, specifically with
the Middle East, many old cities
a Master plan, or it is assumed
respect to Urban Underground
have an important underground
that UUS has less value
than
Space (UUS) use and the Urban
space. Cairo, Damascus, Aleppo
surface land. The consequence
Underground Infrastructure (UUI)
and Jerusalem have an important
of such undervaluation of UUS is
components of the Master plan
network of tunnels and lined
delayed planning of the resource:
is an important issue towards
cavities.
To
our
knowledge,
often surface land use plans are
sustainability
and
resilience
the level of investigation of this
established first, and UUS use plans
(Sterling, 2005) and (Diab, 2014).
patrimony is very limited from an
are established later. Such lack of
It is also important to consider
engineering point of view.
proper consideration of UUS can
the
urban
space
resources,
Significant
advancements
in
jeopardize its services (Admiraal,
underground space is of great
construction technologies during
2006).
significance to improve land
the 20th century resulted in a
Resilience versus Sustainability
use efficiency, and decrease
boom in UUS development. These
Our aim is to contribute to the
high traffic density of central
technologies include reinforced
emergence of new knowledge
urban areas. The development
concrete,
tunneling
in
soft
on the effectiveness of options
of underground space in city will
ground and the creation of open
for
strengthening
consistently
enormously contribute to better
underground excavations with
resilience, and thus adaptation to
urban ecological environment by
minimum subsidence of adjacent
climate change, while maintaining
increasing city green landscape
ground (facilitated by sheet piling,
a
certain
performance
and
(Wang et al, 2013).
bored piles, and diaphragm walls).
efficiency
regarding
energy
Sustainability and underground
Late 20th century was especially
and water urban systems. We
space: With the acceleration of
beneficial for advancements in
propose to `decompartmentalise'
urbanization, the breadth and
underground construction and
researches on resilience and
depth of the underground space
geotechnical soil improvement
adaptation to climate change to
utilization
have
reached
an
technologies,
which
enabled
provide integrated professional

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